Identifying a vision of integrated CBA and resilience
Day 1 Notes:
Reflection and expectation from introduction session
Co-production of climate information and timely dissemination of afro-advisory services to end users
Delivery adaptation knowledge for policies and practices
Strengthening planning and resource mobilization at local level
Ensure that climate change adaptation is integrated into Disaster risk adaptation
Learning from pastoralists about climate change adaptation
Fiona Percy (CARE-ALP Program) - Setting the scene for drylands, adaptation and climate change
Participants from 11 countries in ESA
What are drylands in ESA?
Pastoralists are at the center of drylands pursuing shifting livelihoods with a changing climate who are marginalized, vulnerable, and often excluded from “modern’ development and resource and boundary conflicts
Drylands and pastoralist need to build their resilience….to secure sustainable livelihoods, absorbing and adapting shocks, and managing risks
Climate change is impacting resilience in drylands… weather is volatile, unpredictable. therefore pastoralists need to increase their adaptive capacity
CBA, an evolving and participatory approach is one way that pastoralist and development agencies (multi-stakeholder action) can work together at local level
We need to combine CBA and Resilience in the drylands to empower communities and invest in long term investments to address vulnerability, provide safety nets etc
ESA Climate changing and aspects of climate that is changing are
Temperature (Between 1901 – 2012, surface temperature in ESA has been increasing)
Land, oceans (including snow & ice caps) & the atmosphere have warmed up
Warmer & fewer cold days/nights
More frequent hot days and night
Increased frequency & duration of heat waves
Precipitation (rainfall amounts are declining and some areas of East Africa, rainfall is increasing)
Increased heavy precipitation events leading to floods
Increase in frequency & intensity of heavy precipitation
Increase in intensity and duration of drought
Increase in intense tropical cyclone activity
Impacts of the Observed Changes
Impacts in all socio-economic sectors including Agriculture/livelihoods, Infrastructure, Environment/ecosystems/terrestrial/marine, tourism, Water sector/hydro-power
Huge economic losses due to impacts (e.g., Kenya loss in livestock sector was estimated at Ksh.699 billion between 2008-2012). The costs and time of recovery are increasing
At Community Level (Seasons are no longer predictable, Crop production is no longer predictable, Pastures and water are no longer predictable, Food security is no longer predictable and Communities’ livelihoods are not predictable)
Conclusion: Climate change is real; its impacts have the potential to undermine & even, undo progress made in improving the socio-economic well-being. We need to focus on reducing the risks associated with the current climate variability and extremes in order to be able to adapt to future changes in climate. We also need to strengthened inter-linkages between adaptation and development pathways and a focus on building resilience would help to counter the current adaptation deficit and reduce future maladaptation risk
Q&A of the two presentations from Fiona and Jasper Question 1: One of the challenges we have in Ethiopia is to downscale weather forecast available for end users especially for pastoralist… what experiences do other countries haveespecially we want to listen from kenya? Answer:
There is a lot of work done on down-scaling forecast and there is still gaps to fill especially on reliable information. Talk amongst the participants and they will share their experiences
Yes, in Kenya IPAC and Met services are piloting downs bailing forecast to community levels and age-advisory services and it went very well
Question 2:
How do we blend the CBA and Mitigation strategies to deal with climate change? Answer:
There is an urgent need for the world to reduce emissions… and whatever happens in mitigation stratifies now and the need for adaptation, CC will still continue because we are already on the trajectory of change.
Its important that whatever adaptation we do, we need to consider mitigation strategies as well.
Question 3:
What does transformational actions mean in real terms? Answer:
It cannot be business as usual anymore… Transformational actions are already happening for example in communication channels… the key question is how do these action contribute to safeguarding the livelihoods of pastoralist? how do we tap into the transformational action to engage local communities in adaptation initiatives.
What conversations topics do we absolutely want to avoid? This includes topics that have been discussed deeply and frequently.
Science and politics of climate and climate change
Negative criticisms of individuals, organizations, countries, ethnic differences etc
Climate financing, Policy and land tenure
Use of terms such as climate and its impacts, mitigation, sustainability
Theoretical solutions
discussions on Climate smart agriculture, CBA approach, GMOs
What areas do we absolutely want to talk about? Where do we think there are gaps, areas that have been ignored and yet they are critical to adaptation?
Local knowledge and practical experience on adaptation, what has worked on CBA, practical scalable solutions for farmers in drylands. Also how to generate evidence for practical actions and approach.
How CBA can contribute to ecosystem functioning and resilience
Building resilience and resource mobilization (climate financing for communities) for local level adaptation
Multi-stakeholder engagement and involvement for adaptation
Harmonization of projects and programs on adaptation and mitigation
Networking locally and regionally
How to integrate local knowledge and experiences on adaptation with climate change information
How to reach and target the most vulnerable groups in drylands
How to keep adaptation momentum going
Implementation of policy that integrates development and adaptation
Enabling policy environment in the region and good governance
Common understanding of resilience
Empowering communities and sharing of experiences on good practices
Q1. What are the new challenges climate change is bringing to Drylands? (how do we work with uncertainty?) New challenges
Social tension from the house hold level to national level and to communities
New diseases and pests
Breeding for drought tolerance
Creation of new policy gaps
Challenge to other livelihood options
Traditional indicators becoming less reliable
Farming practices are affected pastoralists
Pest and diseases emerging
Information on CC not communicated because of quick changes
Downscaled and timely, reliable, relevant weather information – predictions with appropriate advisories (PSP)
Improving climate smart infrastructure – institutions, planning (tech dev and transfer)
Blending of scientific and indigenous knowledge
Strengthening & integrating traditional + scientific forecasting
Improve downscaling + timely forecasting
Q2: what are the gaps in the interface between CC adaptation and resilience?
Lack of relevant and reliable climate information to enable transitioning from adaptation to resilience
Lack of or limited knowledge sharing, no/limited collaboration and integration of activities among different actors
Lack of coordination and segmentation in policy and practice
Limited integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge
Lack of adaptive capacities for local communities to transition to resilience due to less resources, untrusted information givers e.g. met services
Lack of clear understanding and interpretation of adaptation and resilience terms
Absences of of holistic approach to adaptation that can build in to resilience
Resilience will never be a stable state but a factor of capacity to continually absorb, adapt and transform to a changing climate
Limited government commitment to invest (financial, infrastructure and policy formation and implementation) in adaptation plans and strategies that can build resilience
The natural resources are already highly regarded making climate change adaptation and resilience a big challenge.. natural and social systems are collapsing
Rigid/resistant community cultures and practices to change
Failure to identify appropriate adaptation and sustainable strategies that can lead to maladaptation
Different climate change drivers interact with others and we cannot predict impacts hence adaptation strategies might not lead to resilience
Lack of knowledge on climate impacts/prediction, adaptation options ( for different end users such as pastoralist, agro-pastoral, farmers) and new diseases and pests livestock, crops and humans
Lack of supportive policy and suitable governance structures (i.e. clear policy and enforcement mechanisms) to deal with climate change adaptation
Lack of documentation and sharing of best practices and lessons learned
Lack of integration of climate change adaptation and resilience to education curriculum across disciplines in the academic institutions
Lack of community-driven approaches to risk management (local community’s skills and knowledge not recognized because of topdown approaches)
Increasing demand for natural resources vs. decreasing natural regeneration capacity (ecosystem functionality)
Lack of clear climate and age advisory messages to end users and policy makers from climate scientists and other researchers
Confusion over what the two concepts are and their meaning changes over time.
Adaptation – about doing these differently, resilience about bouncing back to an existing state
Understanding when transitions and transformations are needed more than either CBA or resilience • Timescales matter
Without adaptation to climate change, resilience will not be possible
Climate change is uncertain and complex – different drivers interact with each other and impacts cannot be predicted. So:
Preparedness for uncertainty is important
Resilience cannot be a stable state given constant change and uncertainty – it must be about capacity to continuously absorb, adapt and transform lives in relation to situation. = same as adaptation/adaptive capacity?
Climate information gaps: Downscaling, data, access, long term projections
Lack of coordination between actors in disaster risk, emergency response and development
DRR/emergency actors less likely to take climate change and climate information into account
Need for joint planning and consider governance, NRM and peace/security
Q3: what are the Opportunities for Adaptation to contribute to resilience?
Increasing understanding of climate and its impact by various stakeholders including the endusers due to generated existing data and knowledge from different sources
Willingness and flexibility of different actors to invest in climate change adaptation in terms of finance, human capacity and infrastructure
Policy support driven by governments (e.g., CC policy formation and implementation) and embedding adaptation in national planning plans
Climate change has become a global agenda and every actor (including governments, donors and communities) is willing to work to address the impacts of climate change as well as adaptation strategies
Providing opportunity to integrate knowledge and skills of local communities to build resilience
Encouraging multi-sectoral approach with multi-stakeholder participation towards adaptation
Integrated and systems holistic approach i.e. interdependence between resources and production systems move towards mainstreaming
Identification and documentation of adaptation strategies and scaling up
Availability of technical experts on CC that can make linkages between adaptation and resilience
Downscaling of climate information, and its available on a timely basis - reliability
Community based adaptation can generate information that can lead to resilience or is a catalyst for resilience. It ensures that CBA approaches and success and failures of adaptation to build long term resilience by integrating localized solutions
Can be an innovative use of technologies e.g. biotechnology
Increased buy in by government to support policies and processes can lead to resilience
Capacity to sustainably manage natural resources and carry out ecological based adaptation to build resilience
Adaptation options increase livelihood and income diversification and strengths local adaptation knowledge and institution that can build resilience
Increased knowledge sharing by different stakeholders, making climate change a global issue, thus requiring global partnerships
Integration of and mainstreaming of adaptation in all sectors, encouraging continuity and ownership of approaches
Platforms for different actors (NGOs, governments, research) working together by developing a common approach to understanding adaptation
Opportunity for strengthening local and national level institutions and their capacities
Combined development plans which are incorporated with DRR/risk contingency plans
community based and managed from risk analysis to planning to weather information and decision making … which to shift to contingency
Interface with ITK with innovations and new knowledge and linking research and practice
Combine planning at local level (risk reduction) and build on community-based integration
The level of resources required for changes to achieve resilience requires a paradigm shift away from short term projectized approaches…
Knowledge and attitudinal practice of communities in terms of adaptation can help build resilience
Offers opportunity to Apply multi-sectoral approach to resilience
Combined development and disaster risk/contingency plans
Community based and managed processes – from risk analysis, planning, accessing climate forecasts, decision making and building adaptive capacity
Local knowledge and combining with new innovations
Short term to long term solutions and benefits
Technologies: ICTS, trees, renewable energy etc
Communication systems, climate information for decision making, multi-level action, linking local to national, platforms for all actors to work together across silos and disciplines
Need resources and coordination for longer term work – move away from short projects
Paradigm shift for development and humanitarian aid needed – long term strategies with flexible funding
Day 2 Notes:
Tuesday 2 September: Identifying success factors, challenges and good practices Plenary keynote: 3 guests to speak on key topics:
Climate Information Services for Community Adaptation and Resilience John Gathenya - University of Reading
Climate information is key to managing current climate risks
End users access, interpret and apply climate information for decision making
End users need location-specific climate information products
Communities should be trained and engaged in collecting rain data. Everyone has a role to play in providing climate information from local level (community with indigenous knowledge) to national level (national Meteorology services)
Communication of climate information services to reach farmers equitably…integrated in extension messages through use of ICT
Include support systems to help farmers act on climate information such as markets, input dealers, research and private sectors
Donor community is beginning to invest in climate information
Future Horizons: pastoralism and climate change in Ethiopia? Adrian Cullis - Tuts University
Pastoral areas occupy 60% of Ethiopia’s land area with 15 million people, exports about USD350 million to Middle East
Conflicting data/information on climate change for Ethiopia, therefore, there is no emerging consensus on what climate change might mean for Ethiopia
Challenges facing pastoralist are many and complex and intertwined
Social and economic differentiation affects how pastoralist cope with drought. Wealthy families accumulate more livestock, medial wealth families remain unchanged and those considered less wealthy loss livestock during drought.
Livelihood trends emerging in Pastoral areas is not new, but what has changed is numbers of livestock families hold.
National pastoral policies must strengthen pastoral systems to assist families in transition
Flexible donor funding that allows for innovative dryland resilience
Civil society is crucial in drylands and for pastoral communities to strengthen evidence-base
Vulnerability, Adaptation and Resilience Emma Bowa - CARE International
Different groups in society are affected differently to climate change and respond differently as well.
Everyone in the community have a role to play in addressing climate change through their own experiences and knowledge
Access to and use of climate information products is affected by gender, language, age and other social differential factors
Communal social protections and safety nets are collapsing as drought intensity and frequency increases in pastoral areas
Acknowledge and encourage vulnerable people as owners of knowledge and agents of change. Strengthen their capacity and empower them to adapt in different and complementary ways
Key question is “how do we include the most vulnerable group”? what opportunities exist for meaningful interaction and engagement of vulnerable groups?
Group 1: Climate information - a new resource for adaptation, risk reduction, early warning and resilience? Issues challenges
Climate information particularly in drylands are completely weak
We don’t’ have timely and accurate information/data,
lack of relevant technology for data collection
Most of climate information are supply driven not focused to users need
Resources for continuous product development based on user needs – need to use private sector finance to sustain
Absence of climate information (they are few station and they are full of interruption) this factor the quality of information
Language barriers (most of scientific jargons so local communities can’t understand it easily and also it is not user friendly), interpretation and translation problem
Limited networks,limited number of equipment’s,insufficient funding for maintenance
No incentives for meteorological observers
There is no hazard database to monitor the data collected
Forecasts neglecting historical data
There is no user interface
Limitation of modern data
Forecasting capacity is very low
Lack of good documentation
lack of farmers trust and confidence in Met. information
lack of private sector engagement for sustainability
Timescales – most focus on seasonal , short term is starting, longer term forecasts and use not yet addressed, except local observations. Long term future forcasts are still problematic for climate science. Rainfall hard to predict
Success factors
Wider range of information to improve seasonal forecasts
Collective interpretation to produce advisories
Combining local and scientific knowledge at local level
Communication of advisories and uncertainty with forecasts
Building capacity of local community of early Waring systems
Historical information for farmer decision making
Goo service and information
Information for decision making
Valid range of communication channels
Tools available for improvement in satellite data
Dissemination of content in local language
Availability of reliable data from international/global weather forecast
Use of community monitors
various national project in installing weather station improving network
Good practices
Participatory scenario planning
Language barriers to understand information
Community radios
Text messaging using mobile phones
Flexible forward decision making approach
Down scaling workshop where climate science meet with other actors
National seasonal farmer planners with advisories
Regional seasonal climate outlook forums eg. GHACOF
Participatory scenario planning
Community rain-gavges for community and met use
Capacity building for multi-stakeholders
End of season review
Integrating indigenous and scientific local information (increase indigenous forecasters)
Strengthening linkages with producers users and intermediaries
Multi-stakeholder approach
Inclusion of climate information into agriculture extension services
Group 2: The future of pastoralism in an uncertain climate (Adrian Cullis)
What are the key challenges facing pastoralism and pastoral areas?
There is diversity within pastoralism and pastoral systems, each having different challenges and dynamism that we should recognize instead of offering blanket adaptation strategies - localized adaptive approach is appropriate
Inappropriate policies that support large ranches and negatively affecting smallholder farmers (experience from Botswana). (Thus making the wealthy livestock keeper become more wealthy). In Uganda, policies are encouraging pastoral communities to transition to agro-pastoralism. Existing policies are not compatible with pastoralism.
NGOs are not involved in policy engagement and they should be involved in informing policy processes.
Pastoralism is in transition and many pastoralist dropped out, challenge is what are these pastoralist engaged in? What livelihood options/alternative do transition families have? Pastoralism does not have alternative livelihoods but complementary livelihoods
Pastoralism relies on natural resource base, which is facing degradation and encroachment by increasing population/settlement… how do we make pastoralism sustainable?
Lack of livestock breeding programs that are suitable for pastoral areas
Pastoral areas are hotspots for poverty
Pastoral systems and pastoralism offers intricate and complex interplay of different factors that challenge adaptation (social, natural, political, economic, cultural etc)
Pastoralism is not guided by physical boundaries (.e.g, Kenya-Uganda, Kenya-Ethiopia, Kenya-Tanzania) and hence poses challenges to policy implementation. Pastoralism is mobile and does not respect boundary/borders.
Donor community is not flexible with regards to funding for pastoralism
Top-down approaches that target poor pastoralism conflicts with how the community wants to solve/address their own problems
Traditional governance is weakened and the government ‘modern” governance system is very weak and in some cases destroying traditional governance systems. its very complicated and lack evidence base.
The natural resource available is reducing for pastoralism. Challenge is working out the optimum use of land and its resources in drylands.
There is lack of evidence to support that pastoralism is the best practices for drylands.
Conflicts with other economy sectors e.g., Tourism is encroaching on pastoral lands and with its great contribution to the economy, majority of the lands in National parks were originally pastoral lands. Revenues gained from tourism are not shared with pastoral communities.
Pastoral lands are communally owned without security of tenure. hence land grabbing is rampart and pastoral communities do not have a voice to advocate for their land rights
NGOs are slow in responding to the needs of the pastoral communities. They also work in isolation, doing work by themselves. They should operate in a sphere whereby all stakeholders are involved included governments, private sectors, research etc. They should provide learning spaces whereby all stakeholders come together.
NGOs are not adaptive to the governments structures in each country that have completely different operating systems for engagement, coordination etc e.g., Ethiopia has Federal system, Kenya has County Government etc.
Researchers/NGOs are not treated pastoralism as a system. there are no structures to support it such as markets, credit. Pastoralism is isolated and often neglected except for a few NGOs who operate in the drylands.
Conflict with agro-pastoralism for pasture land.
Crop production (agro-pastoralism) is introducing invasive weeds/plants that are not palatable to livestock. These will have a serious productivity on milk and meat yield as well as the taste of the milk and meat. What is the future of pastoralism with invasive plants?
Refugees are putting pressure on natural resources and seriously degrading the land, areas that were pastoral lands. A lot of land is lost due to refugees.
Emerging extractive industries that are conflicting with pastoralism and destroying the land. Government is investing in these extractive industries.
What are good practices and success factors that we can build on?
Understanding dynamics of pastoral systems - give chance to pastoral communities to discuss, analyze and provide solutions. Work in partnership with local community, identify challenges in the local areas.
Complementary livelihoods to Pastoralism - Tanzania - community owned ASALs are designated as wildlife conservation areas, and everyone identified the boundary and maintained the areas for wildlife. This attracted tourism, created employment, lodges (by AWF) and during drought livestock are allowed into the areas for grazing and water. This is working well, coz its conserve the environment. Policy and legislation in TZ is supporting this complementary livelihoods
The future of pastoralism is dependent on the ecosystem their derive their livelihoods, we need to reduce the herd size (carrying capacity). Policies should address how to reduce livelihood herd size to restore the ecosystem that is degraded.
There exists traditional institutions that govern grazing rules e.g., Borana of Kenya that have been quite successful in managing their pastoral systems. Borana in Ethiopia have successful governance on on range management, water management. But this systems of governance are in danger from government structures that are in conflict with the traditional Borana ones. Boundaries conflicts are emerging. The future of pastoralism should a) Keep the traditional structures b) the areas should be open and communal, c) encourage the youth to
NGOs being adaptive to local governance processes and government structures. NGOs should work together with other stakeholders especially the government. CARE-Kenya using participatory Learning (Participatory scenario planning) whereby it engages local governance systems. The success of the program has enabled the MoA has taken up the program/strategy once CARE exits. This is a pilot case.
Livestock mobility is key to pastoralism.
Markets for livestock products dur Herd size management
Strategies to manage droughts and other extreme weather to enable pastoralist get rid of some of the herds during adversity periods. Governments/private sector can buy livestock during such periods
Strategies to manage droughts e.g. Botswana whereby feed prices drop during droughts. every year government undertakes a drought assessment… if its declared drought, government develops packages to assist communities to survive drought. One option is subsidies for animal feed, through the Livestock advisory centers(LAC) who give a list of the feeds that are subsidized and the percentage. During the drought period, farmers pay the subsidized rate and when drought is over, prices return to normal prices. Subsidized feeds are drought pellets, salt, Dicalcium phosphate, vaccines….Dr. Olaotswe Kgosikoma. Botswana
in Kenya, pastoral communities were ignored but with the devolution process, the counties are now getting infrastructure and ICT e.g., use of mobile phone is increasing which can be used to share climate information.
Relate historical trends of pastoralism setting with climate scenario modeling., Invest in scientific research towards pastoral programs.
There are smart donors who invest heavily in Africa and we are not tapping into this resources and NGOs should try to get these donors for drought focus initiatives. We should be much more robust with acquiring more donor funding.
The community should not be docile, and humble. we should strengthen them to articulate ether issues. Awaken the traditional governance structures to fight for their communities, engage with local governments, be involved in planning and budgeting.
Flexible funding
Group 3: Pathways out of resilience for the most vulnerable to climate change in drylands
Factors that influence vulnerability:
Asset base
Power
Traditions/norms/culture
Gender
Age
Disability/health
Geographic locations
Economic capital
Literacy levels
Ecological health (quality of natural resources)
Social health (e.g. impact of humanitarian response on indigenous economic systems)
Infrastructure (transport, communications etc)
Q: How to work with the most vulnerable without singling them out and make the problem worse?
Adaptive social protection – opportunities for pathways out of vulnerability:
Continuum: safety nets àspringboards à transformation
Safety nets (social protection) = food aid, cash transfer, public works (school, road, health centre)
Springboards (livelihood diversification + risk management) = new income generating activities, skills, information, technologies, social/micro insurance schemes, traditional social protection mechanisms (e.g. merry go rounds, zakat)
Q: Has adaptation in practice been a bit short sighted, focusing on quick fixes rather than longer term solutions? Plenary discussion re: group work above:
Explanation re: chiefs grainery – how does this ensure equitability? Recommendation of most vulnerable by chief heads that are given priority of allocations.
Working with the most vulnerable quite often about working with those who are NOT the most vulnerable in order to address social structures/norms which prevail and perpetuate vulnerability. E.G. same applies to gender and working with women.
Drylands – problem with absence of government – resources not available for social adaptive capacity but existing community structures such as community based and traditional natural resource management could be strengthened in absence of government.
Necessary to revitalise cross-boundary/traditional structures?
Strengthening linkages/interactions between vulnerable groups and government/elite as not just about having access to resources and information, access to formal institutions etc.
Community mapping – identification of different groups within community – target the support differently. Engage people as groups not individuals to participate in collective action.
Community representatives nominated from within communities – important to have trust in these people (CBT’s – community based trainers or community monitors)
Necessary to have dialogue between donor community and practitioners to try and educate, inform and change approach to funding and achieving change.
Programme approach – working with communities over the long term (15 yrs) across all of the sectors.
Success factors:
Safety nets
Culturally acceptable practice
Graduation of vulnerable people facilitated to become empowered
Good support from government structures
Springboards
Building on existing local structures (e.g. traditional governance structures, women’s groups, youth groups)
Strengthening linkages and relationships
Inclusivity – ages, gender, vulnerable groups
Extension support
Access to information – market, climate, technologies
Transformation
Focusing on; information, governance, education, markets and ICTs with ‘out of the box’ approaches in order to result in transformation.
Not focusing only on technological solutions but on transformation of institutional and governance structures.
Good practices:
Safety nets
Quick responses to the needs of vulnerable people
Contributes to NRM and reduces Government expenditure (budgets)
Creates an opportunity to introduce new technologies to vulnerable communities
Springboards
Improved crops and livestock practices and livestock diversification
Grain banks (chiefs grainery)
GSLA/VSLA
Domesticating value addition practices
Building capacity and extension support
Transformation
Understanding existing potential and building on this
Not assuming we understand social differentiation but instead delving in and researching the social context – particularly norms and rules which could constrain transformation.
Barriers and Challenges:
Safety nets
Misuse of resources
Dependency syndrome
Creates social tensions
Springboards
Social and cultural norms
Resistance and politics
Conflicts
Loan risks (non-repayment)
Lack/limited stakeholder engagement
Managing uncertainty and other risks
Transformation
Resistance to change – soft skills needed to address fear, culture and protection of the status quo.
Limitations of funding structure, soft skills necessary to advocate change to more flexible and long term funding.
Limitations of reporting structure which focuses on superficial numbers rather than measures of real transformation.
Summary
Relationships – often more needed than money or technologies, trust and confidence, programme approach, access to formal institutions
Going the ‘last mile’ – no transformation without safety nets and social springboards, we cannot leap frog these steps.
Valuing traditional indigenous mechanisms – governance, land use arrangements, traditional safety nets
Transformation for the most vulnerable – often means starting by working with the more powerful/better off in order to change the barriers/conditions which are impacting on people’s vulnerability
What are the connections to the whole discussions, other plenary sessions/wider picture?
Climate information is not reliable/adequate - improve information to farmers to enable them know when to sell. Communication between the farmer and weather info providers is poor. Make the met data user friendly
We need to undertake vulnerability studies, identify who is the most vulnerable and tailor adaptation strategies to each vulnerable group
Pastoralism with climate info…climate info should be tailored towards pastoralism.
Invest in community structures and leaders - we must undertake evidence base on community structures, etc
Product development:
Seasonal climate outlook forums
Improved seasonal forecast with more types info – start and end date, dry spells etc
Tailored end products and packages for agric. Demand side important – met and agric and agric research training on generating products for end users
National seasonal farm planner - interpretation and seasonal advisory development for downscaling to agro-ecological zones regional
Seasonal advisories developed from climate and other info from multi-stakeholder groups
Collective interpretation and generation of relevant info and advice
Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) – seasonal collective interpretation combining local and science knowledge with review of past season to create advisories – all over ESA now, including Sudan
Tailored product development
Combining local knowledge and scientific knowledge
Using historical data and local knowledge for downscaling
Capacity building important and needed – should be multi-stakeholder
Communication:
Use a variety of Communication channels – ICTs/mobile phones, radios, social networks,
Communication - using advisories with action options not only forecast dissemination
Information communicated should feed decisions for actions
Local info and knowledge combination
Raingauges at community level – and mobile phones for sending info to HQ and back. Potential for producing local data and analysis by met services to support short range and seasonal forecasts – but still in early days
Points emerged from sharing from group: NMA producer Ethiopia
All timescales of forecasts produced BUT Info gaps - regional level, agric sectors do not involve actively to get to ground level
Website is good – maps and info available BUT How many people use the website?
Different task forces – eg national DRR working group with all actors in the sector – receive info monthly for action, prepare alerts and contingency plans – system for dissemination
Historical data – pastoralist areas have few stations, supported by WFP now have automatic stations so accuracy of data increasing now, processing the data to produce forecasts – cover gap on info data. Interpolation where no weather centres – eg in drylands – use satellite data
Downscaling forecast – NMA national and regional, projects working on this for agriculture – 10 daily and monthly forecasts
Intermediary and user issues
Dissemination is the focus. How is climate data useful to users?
Seasonal problems – famers don’t access info and timeliness is a problem
Weather forecast information, receive from NMS, via cell phones, pass it on to farmers
Info on short term – 1 day, 1 week, 1 month only, useful for planting dates,
Seasonal info is not accessible, structures for dissemination are not in place for everyone to receive the info
CIS western Kenya Nyando – baseline to understand end user needs, want info which is reliable accurate and timely and locally relevant – do not find radio announcements useful
Want advice on crop management
Relying on social networks to get info - use these for dissemination – not only ICTs. Barazas, village meetings
Receive info and pass to farmers: challenges, uncertainty and probability. Farmers need to be trained about the uncertainties, without this as intermediary feel it will back fire . also advice on how to use the info to make decisions on what to do, Info is generalised not region specific
Forecasts not available – only get seasonal forecasts not the short range forecasts
KMS and another programme are now scaling down – training on the info and how to receive and use – still not yet created capacity of farmers
Private sector engagement is too low – need for commercialising CIS to ensure sustainability?
Market Place – sharing and learning from others on practical tools, approaches and more
Organizations displaying
CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security
Beyond Assistance
Building Resilient Communities in Somalia (BRiCS)
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Judith Chikonde Foundation
ACCRA - Oxfam UK
CARE-Ethiopia
CARE-Global
Center for Environment Policy and Advocacy
Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystems Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa (CHIESA)
Pastoralist Farmer Schools
Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resource Management College
CAFOD-SCIAF-Trocaire
ADA Consortium
Ecological Christian Organization
Ministry of Devolution and Planning - Kenya
Day 3 Notes:
Plenary keynote Fishbowl: Taking stock of our journey, realising the limitations of our work and understanding synergies, complementarities and the added value of CBA for resilience in drylands – towards a vision for future work
Fish Bowl Discussion Points
Focus on Pastoralist… how they lives might be looking in the future under uncertain climate conditions…transitioning livelihoods
Roles of the different stakeholders… how to engage with them… what innovations and technologies are out there in the drylands…policy makers can assist us in developing strategic policy frameworks for drylands
How to support pastoralist towards more resilient livelihoods…. towards a quality of life and in the context of CC, explore what risks and how they can manage the risks, what systems can provide information e.g. early warning. Not only focus on productive livelihoods… but resilient livelihoods.
Adaptive capacity…pathways out of vulnerability to climate change for drylands…
There exist complex information about CC, how do we synthesize all this information to address adaptive capacity for pastoralist. issues of donor flexibility to invest in dryland livelihoods
Understanding Climate change terminologies is essential to enable us grasp what is expected to build adaptive capacity and enhanced resilience of pastoralists… but not during this 4-day learning event
PME and impact assessment should also be emphasized because how do we measure progress towards building resilience. This will enable us draw learning experience and improve on livelihoods.
How do we measure behavioral change in drylands? can we measure resilience or its something that we will always keep striving for like happiness??? We have not discussed how to measure resilience in drylands
We need to think about economics for drylands… how can the poor and marginalized people benefits from all the projects that being implemented in drylands… What social development projects are suitable for poor and vulnerable people….We need to think about BIG INVESTMENTS for poor people that can act as springboard to development. The current investments that governments are planning for drylands in eastern Africa (Kenya, Uganda) is extractive and hardly address or benefit the poor people.
What role do development workers/agents/donor community play in undermining traditional coping mechanisms that have always existed for thousands of years? we need to reflect on this to ensure that we are not contributing to vulnerability of pastoral communities. our interventions can and have interfered with community coping strategies
We need sustainable platform for stakeholders to share experiences and success stories so that we all learn what other pastoral communities are doing out there.
Group work: Co-creating new knowledge towards achieving climate resilient development in East and Southern Africa drylands
Group 1:Pastoralist - Managing Risks (v.dry)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be - Resilient pastoralist with more productive herd on secure lands
Components of the vision entail-
Resilient pastoralist (by choice)
Peaceful, safe and secure families
Well educated/informed
Fewer pastoralist
Access to solid climate information networks
Large land sizes
Excellent extension services (e.g., vet drugs, breeds, fodder mgt., AI)
Flexible decision-making e.g., in budgets whereby priorities can change
Community driven planning and strategies
Evidence based policy planning
Building block activities
Top 3 Building Blocks
Climate Information for Decision Making
Buffer resources and risk spreading
Linking Relief and development (holistic risk management)
Other include:
Establishment of community driven early warning systems/structures…involved in identification and monitoring of risks,
Downscaling climate information services…. sharing with pastoralist in a way their can understand and utilize the information (inform their actions-enable them make decisions) (Participatory scenario planning)
Recognize indigenous knowledge and blend with the scientific knowledge on forecasting of weather
Risks go beyond climate and include conflicts for scarce and degraded resources, loss of customary institutions. Therefore we need conflict management through existing traditional structure and government
Equitable sharing of resources
Index based livestock insurance
Establishment of Meteorological observatory
Complementary livelihoods,
Applying Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) e.g., destocking and off take, feed resource banks
EDE - Ending drought emergency
IDRISSI - Drought Emergency (regional Horn of Africa project)
Strategic establishment of Buffer resources to manage drought e.g., Water conservation for managing water stress, range lands, feeds/fodder, capacity and skill, at community level
Equalization funds?????
Enabling policy environment and institutional frameworks (e.g., specific policies for drylands)
Flexible planning and funding (e.g.,budgeting)
Linking Relief, Recovery with long term Development
Reactions from Policy specialists
Vision requires more information
Linking relief with development will perpetuate dependence. At 2050, do we still want to link with relief? Risk management should be a continuum
Principles are broad and devoid of the reality of the intensity and frequency of climate change impacts
The issue of pastoralist totally not dependent on safety nets by 2050 may not be practical due to uncertainty of climate change… but maybe reduction in number of pastoralist using safety nets is achievable. Occurrence of uncertainty will be there in 2050… pastoralist dependent on safety nets will be minimal
Group 2: Pastoralist - productive (v.dry)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be: XXXXXXXXXXX
Principles
Policies, research and services for pastoralists should be more demand driven
pastoralists have access to knowledge and have a voice in (flexible) decision making and choices
Increased opportunities for multi stakeholder engagement which combines knowledge sources
More equitable wealth distribution /incentives for different groups, including government/public – private sector regulations,
More coherent and large scale planning in pastoral areas (e.g. IGAD/regional) including NRM, socio-political systems, value chains and governance
Building Blocks:
ICT and communication technologies supporting social networking and access to integrated knowledge
Improve linkages rural/urban, poor/rich, to support dropouts in livelihood options.
Favorablepastoralism policies – aklog
Policies, research and services should be more demand d are demand driven and voice of dryland people is heard and incorporated in policies
Policies to strengthen pastoral systems
IGAD regional policies – e.g. transhumance protocol
communal owned – land use policies
cross-border polices on regional trade and movements
Communications systems – Fiona
ICT+ regular interaction between stakeholders and strategize
Definition of roles between stakeholders, value of working together, facilitated by ICT
GP: accessible ICT systems
Language – translation services available, and internet everywhere
Solar energy
principles:
Pastoralists will have voice and access to information
More access to information for livelihood choices and NRM planning
More access to capacity building and education
Monitoring range and vulnerabilities and communication outwards
Combining external and local knowledge
Wildlife / NRM – Ester
Future of past – ecosystems, supportive policies
Integrated, working with communities
Education, research support services – Jurjen
Education
Governments will invest more in formal education systems in pastoral areas
More dynamic/relevant
Government investments in better education systems
Research
Pastoral demand driven research is adopted by research agencies and results are being used be pastoralists / development practitioners
New livestock disease?
Sustainable innovation?
On effect of CC on vegetation/range – is there any?
Support services
More investments in livestock support services by private sector, government and development actors
Flexible veterinary services vs changing demands on types of diseases
Investment in relevant extensions services, e.g. PFS with support of traditional governance structures
Finance – flexible funding, also by private sector, livestock as collateral, reaching out in remote areas
Information – through ICT, extension services, market information
Market
Input supply – fodder production in selected areas
Social structures – Martin
continued pastoralists: provider of services, laborers
More equal distribution of wealth for e.g. trade, and more transparency in wealth distribution
Dropouts:
Labour markets, rights, salary levels and distribution
No alternative livelihoods: safety nets, social protection, toward improved livelihoods
Traditional governance systems: are they eroding / vs government structures
Integration of traditional and government structures and strengthening traditional systems and a clearer role and responsibilities of those
Healthy lands – Shaka, water resources
Environmental friendly, resources should be protected, appropriate breeds (policies?), recognizing traditional systems, coordinated baseline information systems to monitor growth, flexible governance policies to manage.
Markets
Integration of information meteo + market, needs to be incorporated in common sources (see communication)
Inequalities, market related, access, control, benefits, - transformative approach to pastoral participation and benefits for equal distribution of benefits.
Need for downscaling of information
Less linear approach to information, more thinking in information networks / webs. to give more opportunities.
Reactions from Policy specialists
Drylands are now being considered for green energy…. and this should be added to the vision diagram
use of terms - Equality vs. Equity. Equality is not easy to achieve but equity is fairness in resources distribution and participation
The group approached a resilient pastoral using the term “Healthy”…. but considering a changing climate… what does healthy imply? -
Consider a policy environment that can perpetuate a ‘healthy environment’
We should appreciate stresses and pressure that might come from outside the drylands?
How do we address the issue of education since they are migratory communities?
Gender equality should be incorporated in all three main complement, i.e., governance, lands and societies.
Group 3: Dryland farming risk management (Group work)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be - Resilience dryland community through better risk and disaster management by 2050
Food security , economic empowerment
Sustainable agriculture with good infrastructure
Good governance
More resilience community through risk and disaster management by 2015
What do we mean by resilience? We are looking for the capacity of managing risk and which is sustainable in a long term/
Definition of Resilience: being able to manage risks for improved livelihood and better resource management
Goog Principles:
Enabling policy environment and implementation frame works
Equitable access to the resources
Access to information and technologies
Building and aligning and with existing policies strategies
Sustainable natural resource management, eco system based approach
Integration and collaboration with stakeholders
Building on existing local knowledge, skills and good practices
Evidence based approach
Flexibility in decision making
Capacity enhancement
Building block activities
A policy review and identification of gaps to inform planning at national and implementation at local level
Operationalize priority actions for climate risk management
Synthesizing information on vulnerability
Engaging the social groups (youth and women, etc..)
Participatory M&D and learning
Strengthening multi stakeholder forums to deliver climate services at national and sub-national level
Balanced approach that integrate climate risk management with good agricultural practice
Knowledge sharing and management
Community participation in scenario planning
Strengthen social support network and economic linkages
Participatory community climate and environmental monitoring
Harnessing opportunities arising form climate change
Reactions from Policy specialists
The group did not consider downscaling climate services in the building blocks
The vision sounding like a Mission
Strengthening Multi-stakeholder involvement
The group should have addressed resources (e.g., for infrastructure) from the community, government, donors and collaboration
The group mentioned that the community will be self-sustainable, what about integration into the global economy?
Risk reduction in drylands should stress on livelihood diversification
Group 4: Dryland farming - productive (semi-arid)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be: Communities who are economically empowered, highly productive and realizing their aspirations in the face of a changing climate with equitable access to and utilization of social economic and natural resources and services in semi-arid drylands.
Components of the vision
Economically empowered, self-sufficient ……
Prosperous communities in a healthy environment
Farming systems Resilient , highly productive, food secure communities with equitable access to and utilization of social, economic, natural resources
Economically empowered, highly productive, with full access to social services including health, education and justice in the dry lands
Better lives in dry land farming areas
Reliable water sources
Able to grow sufficient crops for both income and food security
Organized communities so able to address their problems themselves. More stable communities
Women and women equally benefiting from …………………
Not trial and error farming (planting some old traditional crops) but
Evergreen agriculture
Engaging in practices that can increase rainfall
Moved from subsistence farming to farming which is geared towards economic advancement
A change of perception about farming
Commercialization + value addition, innovation
Localized innovative adaptation approaches + a community able to cope with extreme shocks – communities owning and championing approaches
Generate as wel as access climate information services
Agriculture linked to vibrant markets
Equitable exploitation of resources
Production based on ecological production system/ climate smart agriculture
Access to higher education + skills based training at all levels through communities
Communities recognize own their potential + run into income streams
Communities have access to social infrastructure communication, schools, justice systems
Good Principles
To understand the local and national context (social, economic environment)
Give equal opportunity for participation in decision making, planning, resource allocation
Forster synergies (good coordination, linkages)
Integration of indigenous knowledge with scientific knowledge
Long term focus rather than short term focus
Flexible approaches
Realistic expectations which are the expectations of the community not of the change agents\Remain ecologically conscious and work towards sustainability and community ownership
Building block activities
Prioritized Building blocks/Activities
Integration of indigenous innovations with scientific knowledge and technology
Value chain development and market linkages
Community driven natural resource management with emphasis on water
Strengthened socio-economic services and infrastructure such as health, education, and roads etc
Effective climate change information services tailored to the local level context
Strengthening linkages with service providers
Capacity for improved and integrated livestock and crop practices/ technologies
Diversification of livelihoods
Capacity for value chain development
Capacity for financial management, literacy, entrepreneurship
Improved knowledge + information sharing through various platforms and documentation
Village seed /grain systems
Community based managed natural natural resources (water, land, soils)
Linkages to scientific + social research, and scaling up research recommendations
Control of pests and diseases in crops, livestock
Promotion of local innovative practices across all sectors
Strengthening rural institutions/organizations + government structures at all levels
Mainstreaming gender, HIV AIDS, disability (emerging issues)
Up-scaling best practices
Biodiversity conservation in the drylands ecosystems
Village savings and loans + micro finance
Facilitate/embrace infrastructure development
Universal access to education at all levels + skills based training
Reactions from Policy specialists
Ecosystem based adaptation approaches and principles should be integrated into the vision
The vision is too wordy… should be shortened. Its a mission than a vision
Fostering synergies is mentioned… this is something lacking in most countries
Measure of high productive might be a challenge in drylands as it contributes to the vision above… Measure of productivity can be done in M&E.
What is the possibility of governments to work with various stakeholders in delivering the vision… (In Zambia, the govt. already involves stakeholders…in Kenya the constitution demands for a participatory approach in development plans including CSOs, NGOs and the local communities)
What opportunities come with CC in terms of dryland farming? e.g., crop varieties that can thrive in drylands.
Synergies, complementaries, overlaps, similarities and differences mentioned by all groups
Climate information sharing and communicating to end users
Multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder engagement
Building on local knowledge and integrating with scientific
Ecosystem or environmental approaches
Linking relief, rehabilitation and development
Strengthening of various policies that can lead to development at local level.
Knowledge management from different sources that can lead to evidence based decision making
Productive livelihoods and risk management
Consideration of pastoralist as part of the global community - still to be unpackaged
Livelihood diversification and complementary livelihoods beyond pastoralism and farming
Gender Equity
Value chain - this still needs to be unpackaged
Flexible decision making - still to be unpackaged on how to make this happen
Policy dimension
Include different people with diverging disciplines e.g., inviting relief organizations, Insurance programs, financial institutions
Youth Not Addressed… how can we ensure that Youth are retained in pastoralism?
Day 4 Notes:
Coming to a Consensus
Plenary keynote: Live commentary on the knowledge wall: recommendations for policy and practice
Knowledge Wall Theme 1: Changing Face of the Drylands
Question - what is different for drylands? Its a fragile and challenging environment to pursue a livelihood and its the ecosystem that will face more damage than any other ecosystem. The drylands are marginalized in terms of investment and policies, Climates are extremes. Drylands are multifunctional environments where demands on natural resources (land, water, food) with different endusers (pastoralists, farmers, conservationists (fauna and flora), energy, business, infrastructure)
Challenges of Drylands (climate driven and non-climate driven). Farmers and pastoralist across ESA face similar challenges
Climate change impacts exacerbate already difficult life and livelihoods.
Environmental/range lands degradation
Disrupted social and ecological fabric
Invasive species
population growth leading to increase in GHG emissions
Social dynamics- breakdown of family structures, disruption of extended families, pastoral dropouts esp. the young generation who are looking for alternative livelihood at peri-urban and urban center
Conflicting land uses in the drylands
What can be done about this? Complementary livelihoods, facilitation of mobilization when resources are less and degraded, practical new innovate scalable solutions to address future adaptation for climate change in drylands
The need to mainstream climate change information across all sectors and projects
Need for multi-stakeholder interpretation to provide advisories e.g., PSP
Taking advantage of existing regional structures, programs and frameworks e.g., IGAD-IDDRISI, AU Policy framework
NGOs should work with government at all levels of interventions to ensure sustainability as well as lesson sharing
All actors in climate change adaptation and resilience should come together, share lessons and avoid duplication. Working in isolation is not effective.
Integrate the IT and scientific with special focus on climate info to help communities make decision for adaptation
Need for joint knowledge generation (scientists and communities and other stakeholders)
Networking - building on networks
Joint shared learning
Access to information by endusers
Communicating the knowledge… how effectively are we communicating it to the endusers… is the info readily accessible?
There is still gaps in downscaling the info to endusers
What do we need to do different in order to trigger change?????
Knowledge Wall Theme 4: Community based Focus
Community participation (community led-action planning, participation at all levels, working with the better off families as agents of change if empowered, involvement of community in design and implementation of actions, participatory scenario planning
Policy (community driven, community involvement in decision making, use of existing… equitable access to resources)
Capacity building
Build the capacity of community on climate change adaptation
Empower communities on learning and sharing experiences and practices
Engaging communities on generating info information
Ensure sustainability and ownership
Encourage collective action plans
Invest in local leaders
promote local governance
Climate
Combine IT and scientific at all levels
Participatory community climate and environment monitoring
building local capacity on early warning systems, community forecast
Pilot CIS in different countries
Bring rain gauges and climate information to the community
What does the community want?????
Knowledge Wall Theme 5: Decision making during uncertainty
Climate data, climate info and products
Recording climate data in drylands involving communities
Downscaling the info to local level including uncertainties
Have climate info products that are responsive to changing needs of endusers and demands
Timescales (short term (DRR and EW), long term (chnaging risks, uncertainty, development)
Approaches (Can communities be resilient in uncertain future?)
Scenario planning for climate information and other factors influencing the future
Communicating uncertainty to make informed decisions
Flexible decision making and funding (will adaptation and resilience NOW hold in the future)
Managing risk and an uncertain future
Informing alternative livelihoods (options)
Multi-stakeholder interactions
Knowledge Wall Theme 6: Policy, Agency and Rights
Governance and policy that enable flexible DM
Evidence based policy planning
Integrated policy development process
Continuous knowledge development to support policy development
Enabling policy for CBA or community driven actions plans
Need for effective legal frameworks e.g., IBLIS
Policy to address CBA financing
Good governance
Agency and rights not addressed at all
Knowledge Wall Theme 7: Timescales
Time scales matter (e.g., seasonal forecasts matter and also looking forward to more than a season to future forecasts. in terms of funding, long-term is essential to make fundamental change and build resilience
Knowledge Wall Theme 8: Measuring Resilience
This is an evolving science and its is difficult to measure due to its multi-disciplinary, multi-sector and the involvement of diverse groups who should all be included for Resilience measurement to be meaningful
Need for new innovate tools to help us better understand and measure resilience e.g., PMERL is a new tool that will help us develop framework for measurement.
We focus on numbers instead of behavioral change-real transformational change that is occurring within the community
Understand the resilience vision… what are we striving towards?
Integrate qualitative and quantitative to gather evidence towards resilience
Kenya is using a tool 3 building blocks to measure resilience (check Kenya website - Isiolo District for more information) as way of they planning
Resilience is a vision we strive to achieve but we might never get there.
Audience Commentary on Knowledge wall themes
So many points are being repeated across the themes
Information for knowledge wall was gathered throughout the learning event.
Insights on Knowledge wall experience
New methods of gathering data
It offers culmination of all discussions to enable us reflect and move forward…how to really measure resilience
As a climate scientists, we are overwhelmed as we work with community. And multi-stakeholder involvement is critical to generate info
It was excellent opportunity for participants who didn't have a chance to talk during session to put down their thoughts
Open Space - tool for informal discussions/talks/insights Space for talking issues that are emerging.
Justice and rights in Community Based Adaptation Key insights and issues
Right to refuse project interventions (on the pact of communities)
Empowerment” can result in unfair burdens on valuable communities
Issues around justification for site selection
Accountability and transparencies
Pre-determined goals v, community preferences
Dealing with heterogeneous groups
• Respect of recognition of cultural
Recommendation
Bottom – up approach (adequate consultation)
Inclusion and meaningful participation
Adequate feedbacks and information dissemination
Institutional mechanisms to address governances (injustices and human right violations)
Commitments
Strengthening – bottom up approaches responsiveness)
CMDRR/CBDRR And Climate change adaptation Key insights and issues
Establish CMDRR committee (Gov, NGO, community)
PDRA (participatory Disaster risk)
Assessments , community resource mapping
Develop community action plan (Development and contingency plans)
Subcommittees
Early warning
Water rangeland mgt
PA Emergency response committee
Capacity building
Recommendations:
Climate info exchange and disseminations to the grass root level not satisfactory
Strive to long term resilience building
Additional capacity building on CC adaptation
Integrate approaches, methods and tools
Commitments
Scale – up the CMDRR approaches and methods
Community ownership and aspirations Key insights and issues
Build community trust , relationship (support localized knowledge and build on existing knowledge)
Too many actor / tools confusing to commute
Inc-corporate the rich knowledge and learning
Motivation to be part of the community
Transparency (recognize city diversity and geographical scale)
Community driven kenning (downward accountability)
Respect to the social and cultural structure
Allow community to protect what they won 'agriculture' corporate
Informal and formal education to drylands
Recommendation
Build on programs the social and cultural structure knowledge (5)
Communities are heterogeneous hence community driven planning should take this into cons (6)
Coordination, multi-sectoral, common entry (3)
Inclusion of community at higher level planning meeting (4)
Facilitate inclusive community visioning to all for new ideas and aspirations. Then use climate information to plan how to move towards vision (24)
Understand Community and government institutional structure , trends, engage sensitively to enable change to exclusive norms /systems (4)
Policy protection of community rights to land resources , kowledge and information (4)
Commitments
STD CBA
tool(sharing)
Best practices
Decision-making under uncertainty (Aldwin) Issues and insights:
Gender considerations under uncertainty at household levels
Availability of resources (optimize resource use / not all eggs in one basket)
Decision-makers are mindful of potential for failure of the desired event
Long term data on CC projection less reliable and limited
What does flexible decision-making mean?
Decision makers must have the capacity
Uncoordinated stakeholders
Speed & quality of information & two-way communication
Local structures ignored + lack of trust
Recommendations:
(18) Ensure reliable information informs the decision in uncertainty (level of probability)
(15) Diversify/flexible options to avoid/circumvent uncertainty;
(13) Strengthen and recognize local structures to support decision-making in uncertainty;
(10) Build the capacity of the decision-makers to implement the different options with the flexibility
(3) Create an enabling environment for two-way communications among different decision-makers (for rapid and sound information)
(0) Multi stakeholder integration with government (to coordinate)
Commitments:
Examples: Now that we are certain of CC (shocks), decisions can be made under measurable uncertainty (85%).
Equity and vulnerability (Chris Jost) Issues & insights:
People are different, we can’t assume we ‘know’ as ‘experts’ and differences are not static
Transitioning out of a livelihood is part of adaptive capacity, making working with the most vulnerable sometimes technically unfeasible, so sometimes working with power structures is necessary
Transformation requires social safety nets + springboards to be in place. Interventions in the past (humanitarian) have often increased vulnerability by destroying them.
Recommendations:
Invest in analysis and assessment of social differentiation before intervening in planning processes etc.
Stop ‘women’s and other special’ programs as the automatic intervention for gender. Address norms, rules etc. driving social differentiation;
Understand and work with exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to address vulnerability
Have grievance mechanisms + accountability structures in place
Include transitioning out in adaptation programs
Target transformation making sure social safety nets and spring boards are healthy
Commitments:
CGIAR gender IDO
CGIAR gender strategy and plan
NIE/NEMA social risk management plan for NIE Kenya
Holistic Land and livestock management Communities practicing HLLM are growing in numbers (kenya, ethiopia, Nambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Burkina faso, Niger) and the attention of decision makers is growing) Ideas and Insights
People are increasingly recognizing that land degradation due to overgrazing is a problem or TIME not cattle numbers, and that the solution is good grazing management and not herd reduction
Communities can and have made the decision together to rehabilitate their land but broken traditional practices must be overcome
When communities come together to manage their resources/assets it must be clear to all how benefits will be shared
Pastoral to pastoral visits to communities practicing HLLM are important for helping people see how other communities have hashed out their differences and come together
policy institutional support are critical but will not happen unless driven by communities practicing HLLM
Land and decision making rights are different in difficult countries, so success with the above needs knowledge and national aware advocates
Recommendations
Build the body of national advocates
Give communities time to come together (overcome short project cycles)
Provide M&E to grow the body of evidence - the learning documentation is just as important as the data
Commitments
ICRAF decision hub will try to bring people together to develop proposal for HLLM in EA.
Integrating knowledge sources When one is regarded more important than the other
Recording (man) of IT
Make it a policy requirement
Understanding capacities and limitations of each
Merging theory with practices (action research)
Verification of IK through science and acknowledge non-verifiable
Acknowledgment of IK sources
Valuing the context in diverse communities and recommend similarities
Need for documentation and profiling of the knowledge dorm different sources
HIV AIDS amongst amidst Climate change A continuing challenge - what do we do?
Issues and insights
Impacts of CC are heavier in communities affected by HIV because availability if food is challenged. healthy status is weak and not well supported options
Are affected by opportunities of HIV/AID cos of increased mobility and increased vulnerability as people look for survival
pastoral communities move to towns and
Environmental scan
Merge issues of HIV in environmental developmental issues
Recommendations
Strategic focus and effort to address the affected communities
Need to network with health services providers
Multi-sectoral approach - PHE
integrate awareness, VCT, ART/T support positive living behavior
Diversified livelihoods options especially for women and youth
HIV remains a cross-cutting issue in the face of CC. If ignored it will be difficult to build resilience towards CC
Commitments
Mainstreaming HIV
Look for communication champions
Do research linking HIV and CC
Justify case for action-joint HIV policy
Climate Information What is it and is a forecast enough?
Key issues and insights
Timeliness - when do the endusers need the forecast. It should be timely to enable people make decisions on a timely manner.
Poor availability of tools and HR to inexpert forecast to usable information for endusers
Capacity building on what is available and its application
Accessibility of information (communication)
There are existing initiatives to produce information for longer timescales climate change e.g. HELIX and C-Adapt projects
Forecast is not total information. Its a basis to generate further/additional information/impacts/consequences that are useful
Recommendation
More training for intermediaries and communities/ database more accurate
Including climate issues right from the owes level of education (curriculum development)
Link up with the HELIX and C-ADapt projects for this ewho need such information in the region
Commitments
NGOs
Universities
Government
ICPAC/WFP
Ending Drought Emergencies
issues and insights
More frequent extreme climates events resulting in emergencies
There is delayed and uncoordinated response to the risk leading to large losses in livelihoods
Recurring of natural resource based conflicts
Social problems resulting from loss of livelihoods leading to dependency
Recommendation
Mainstream climate information into planning at all levels
Strengthen and create institution to coordinate intervention in short time
Strengthen traditional peace/conflict resolution processes
Drought monitoring integrated into all sectoral and programs
Commitments
Government to coordinate
Government, partners. donors
pastoralist and donors
Measuring resilience Universal resilience equation/indicators of resilience
Issues and insights
Resilience for who and what?
Unpacking the components of resilience
Indicators of resilience at various level of the results
How do you measure that which is dynamic like resilience
Resilience is not about wealth/material but knowledge and understanding with a spiritual context
Recommendations
Work with resilience analysis unit
Use of TOC to facilitate measurement
Resilience is context specific and dynamic - long term
Indicators to measure resilience from its components i.e., livelihoods CCA, DRR, DRR, Policy and enabling environment
Resilience is a process and need benchmarking
Commitments
IGAD/UN-FAO/UNDP
Climate Change What is the community’s perspective?
Issues and insights
Not aware
Communities are saving their contribution to CC e.g., cutting trees, exhausted soils, reduced production (cyclic), overgrazing, reduced/loss of biodiversity, wood fuel, charcoal)
changing nature of communities
Conflict over resources
Resistance to change
We have interfered with environment, particulate in drylands - no longer possible to keep dryland fallow
for many its only about rainfall
Erratic weather ‘a curse”
Bot aware of causes of change
God is angry
A way of life - that’s just how things are
its government - jargon confusing
Changing seasons/rainfall patterns
Communities want to be heard
Communities want to be drivers of changer - not driven
It is the effects of CC the communities experience
Recommendation
Let communities define CC in their own way
Organize communities into groups
Facilitate processes to analyze the problem of CC
Let them exploit their inherent capabilities
Work with the community to communities - 2 way
Commitment
Strive to understand the communities perspectives and involve them\Let us diversify sources of livelihoods
Integrate development
Measuring Resilience
Issues and insights
Resilience for who and what needs to be unpacked
Clarity on measurements of resilience (indicators)
Tools and methodologies to apply in measuring
Recommendations
(4) Work with resilience analysis unit step up by IGAD/UNFAO/UNDP to borrow learning
(27) Establish baseline against which to measure change on resilience
(20) Develop innovate tools/approaches for measuring resilience (TOC, PMERIl etc)
Commitments
IGAD to provide resources
Participants to take lessons from this learning event to inform projects
Multi-sectoral interactions
Issues and insights
Community are key stakeholders
Institutional structures which reach to community levels linked to budgets allow for participation and sustainable/regular meeting
Non-hierarchical. cross-sectoral platforms allow collective interpretation, trust building, new ideas emerge and network/communication enhanced
Allows for bringing flexibility and dynamism into longer terms plans, based on regular feedback and interactions and planning/decision
Improves coordination, efficiency and avoids duplications
Platforms gives a voice of ownership and access to knowledge which is iocally meaningful
Risks - community gate keepers are not inclusive as representative as should be. How does information get back to end users)
Recommendations
(20) Mainstream MSH platforms into local government level review and planning systems
(5) Use seasonal forecast (once/twice a year) as trigger for calling for MSH meetings or other triggers/champions
(6) Ensure platforms do foster dialogue which leads to locally relevant action responding to needs
(4) Use existing structures to facilitate establishment of MSH forums
(7) MSH forums should include storing of nest practices, case studies, reports etc and dissemination for replication
Governance and Policy
Problem statement and insights
Traditional governance structures have been continuously undermined to the point that they are unable to support long term resilience
Weak cohesion around existing policies around interventions which are being promoted leading to fragmentation and weak efforts, resources impact
Disconnect between commitment and reality
Lack of good governance
Recommendations
(19) Strengthen political leadership and buy in and commitment of resources for climate change adaptation at local level
(11) Increase community participation and voice in governance structures and policy processes
(2) Promote evidence based policy planning/development
(6) Need integrated approach to policy development across sectors e.g., coordinating mechanism frameworks
(16) Recognize value of tradition governance structures and integrate into forma governance and policies
(7) Proper range lands planning and use which takes into account the consent of the pastoralist
Commitments
Explore in country policy dialogues and integrate contribute issues coming out of the matter
Use opportunities to strengthen political leadership using ambassadors
Share outcomes of conference with others constituents to build alliances to influence policy makers
Risk Management
Issues and insights
Top down approach of risk management
Sidelining of risk management to DRR only
Understand risk profiling and projections
Omission of traditional coping strategies
Recommendations
(8) Community led risk management
(29) Mainstreaming risk management into all sectors
(8) Risk spreading - insurance, diversification of livestock options
(3) Risk compliant policies/governance e.g., ASAL policy
Commitments
Government/partners/community
Integrating knowledge Sources
Issues and insights
Language of interpretation
Validity and applicability - contextual (local specific)
IK facilitates downscaling of infer to be locally relevant and useful
Recommendations
(4) Co-generation of knowledge with recognize value of local sources
(2) Acknowledgement of all knowledge generators (sources)
(7) Leveraging on existing technologies (mobile phones)
(18) Inventory and review of IK practices and knowledge generators (inventory of all forms related to CC and facilitating knowledge access and use generated knowledge for local decision making
(7) Framework for IK recognition in policy
Countries Uganda
Form an in-county working group (follow up on action form conference, joint proposal)
Engage local , private sectors, CSO's , central governments to priorities, issues of CCA
Strategic alliances for effective policy advocacy (passing and implementation) draft climate change policy
Networking , learning and linking
Tanzania
Integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge
Multi sectoral approach in community based adaptation initiatives
And evidence based policy making
Reliable climate information and disseminated to grassroot with which it is easily understood and used by community
Strengthen bottom-up approaches in CBA initiatives as well as resilience
Sudan
Climate information service
Short , medium - long term forecasts historical data
Enhancement of the climate products following GFCS (wmo)
Guidelines - down scaling of the products to the local communities
Integrating these information with stakeholder in climate change adaptation programmers with participation of the communicate at all level
The issue of users need and demands -- tailor products enhance means of communications between products producers and the end users
participation of stakeholders communities (pastorals, agree pastoral farmers) in the national climate outbook
Kenya
Collaborate with KMS to mainstream CIS into project management
PSP-to be upscaled - ASDSP
Short rains (OND) ASSP_KMS disseminate advisories
MSH approach
Support counties in mainstreaming CCAS into CIDPs
Explore ACPC ClimDev to develop infrastructure
Build networks and social capital
Borrow learning from CIS baseline planned by WAC in Nyando
Malawi
Integration of local and scientific information
Downscaling of climate information services
Support policy development, reviews and implement at all levels
MSH interaction for information sharing and best practices
Strengthen ecosystem management
Community participation in decision making (integrating communities plans into district/sector plans)
Ethiopia
The need for integration and collaboration of stakeholders with government
Climate information to downscaled to community
Community based planning and intervention, CBA
Networking and collaboration among all stakeholders to share best practices
Good environmental policies and strategy - collocate with government to implement
Natural resource management
Genuine political government commitment in the policy issues
Somalia
What we are communicating
For 20 years CBA as the coping mechanism for Somalia
Traditional systems of NRM
Traditional safety nets and risk management mechanism (Zakat, remittance, self support
Our communique
Build on the weakened nets due to conflicts
Telecommunication and technology (radio, TV and phones)
Linkages to markets - global markets. Exports sesame, livestock lemon
Private sector development - education, health, ICT
Consortium work - MSH
What we have adopted from others
Trickle down the climate info to community level
Good governance - policy formulation
Academic researches/scientists knowledge
What weakened the systems
Conflict undermined the risk management
Interdependency of farmers and pastoralist
Cash crop production - humanitarian interventions
Forums
Flexible and dynamic strategic planning that accommodate stakeholder communities, development plans
Direct engagement with all end users, understanding their need and changing demands
Also aware these communities how to deal with the uncertainty of climate outlook
Collaborate with national IDRISI (IGAD initiative)
A Learning Event for practitioners, researchers and policy makers
All notes are here
Outputs of the meeting:
Identifying a vision of integrated CBA and resilience
Day 1 Notes:
Reflection and expectation from introduction sessionFiona Percy (CARE-ALP Program) - Setting the scene for drylands, adaptation and climate change
Jasper Mwesigwa - ESA Drylands Climate Knowledge & Projections
ESA Climate changing and aspects of climate that is changing are
Impacts of the Observed Changes
Conclusion: Climate change is real; its impacts have the potential to undermine & even, undo progress made in improving the socio-economic well-being. We need to focus on reducing the risks associated with the current climate variability and extremes in order to be able to adapt to future changes in climate. We also need to strengthened inter-linkages between adaptation and development pathways and a focus on building resilience would help to counter the current adaptation deficit and reduce future maladaptation risk
Q&A of the two presentations from Fiona and Jasper
Question 1:
One of the challenges we have in Ethiopia is to downscale weather forecast available for end users especially for pastoralist… what experiences do other countries haveespecially we want to listen from kenya?
Answer:
Question 2:
How do we blend the CBA and Mitigation strategies to deal with climate change?
Answer:
Question 3:
What does transformational actions mean in real terms?
Answer:
What conversations topics do we absolutely want to avoid? This includes topics that have been discussed deeply and frequently.
What areas do we absolutely want to talk about? Where do we think there are gaps, areas that have been ignored and yet they are critical to adaptation?
Q1. What are the new challenges climate change is bringing to Drylands? (how do we work with uncertainty?)
New challenges
Dealing with uncertainty
Q2: what are the gaps in the interface between CC adaptation and resilience?
Q3: what are the Opportunities for Adaptation to contribute to resilience?
Day 2 Notes:
Tuesday 2 September: Identifying success factors, challenges and good practices
Plenary keynote: 3 guests to speak on key topics:
Climate Information Services for Community Adaptation and Resilience
John Gathenya - University of Reading
Future Horizons: pastoralism and climate change in Ethiopia?
Adrian Cullis - Tuts University
Vulnerability, Adaptation and Resilience
Emma Bowa - CARE International
Group 1: Climate information - a new resource for adaptation, risk reduction, early warning and resilience?
Issues challenges
Success factors
Good practices
Group 2: The future of pastoralism in an uncertain climate (Adrian Cullis)
What are the key challenges facing pastoralism and pastoral areas?
What are good practices and success factors that we can build on?
Group 3: Pathways out of resilience for the most vulnerable to climate change in drylands
Factors that influence vulnerability:
Q: How to work with the most vulnerable without singling them out and make the problem worse?
Q: Has adaptation in practice been a bit short sighted, focusing on quick fixes rather than longer term solutions?
Plenary discussion re: group work above:
Success factors:
Good practices:
Barriers and Challenges:
Summary
What are the connections to the whole discussions, other plenary sessions/wider picture?
Product development:
Communication:
Local info and knowledge combination
Points emerged from sharing from group:
NMA producer Ethiopia
Intermediary and user issues
Market Place – sharing and learning from others on practical tools, approaches and more
Organizations displaying
Day 3 Notes:
Plenary keynote Fishbowl: Taking stock of our journey, realising the limitations of our work and understanding synergies, complementarities and the added value of CBA for resilience in drylands – towards a vision for future work
Fish Bowl Discussion Points
Group work: Co-creating new knowledge towards achieving climate resilient development in East and Southern Africa drylands
Group 1: Pastoralist - Managing Risks (v.dry)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be - Resilient pastoralist with more productive herd on secure lands
Components of the vision entail-
Goog Principles:
Building block activities
Top 3 Building Blocks
Other include:
Reactions from Policy specialists
Group 2: Pastoralist - productive (v.dry)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be: XXXXXXXXXXX
Principles
Building Blocks:
Favorable pastoralism policies – aklog
Policies, research and services should be more demand d are demand driven and voice of dryland people is heard and incorporated in policies
Communications systems – Fiona
- ICT+ regular interaction between stakeholders and strategize
- Definition of roles between stakeholders, value of working together, facilitated by ICT
- GP: accessible ICT systems
- Language – translation services available, and internet everywhere
- Solar energy
principles:Wildlife / NRM – Ester
Education, research support services – Jurjen
Governments will invest more in formal education systems in pastoral areas
Pastoral demand driven research is adopted by research agencies and results are being used be pastoralists / development practitioners
More investments in livestock support services by private sector, government and development actors
Social structures – Martin
Dropouts:
Healthy lands – Shaka, water resources
Markets
Reactions from Policy specialists
Group 3: Dryland farming risk management (Group work)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be - Resilience dryland community through better risk and disaster management by 2050
Goog Principles:
Building block activities
Reactions from Policy specialists
Group 4: Dryland farming - productive (semi-arid)
Our vision statement for 2050 will be: Communities who are economically empowered, highly productive and realizing their aspirations in the face of a changing climate with equitable access to and utilization of social economic and natural resources and services in semi-arid drylands.
Components of the vision
Good Principles
- To understand the local and national context (social, economic environment)
- Give equal opportunity for participation in decision making, planning, resource allocation
- Forster synergies (good coordination, linkages)
- Integration of indigenous knowledge with scientific knowledge
- Long term focus rather than short term focus
- Flexible approaches
Realistic expectations which are the expectations of the community not of the change agents\Remain ecologically conscious and work towards sustainability and community ownershipBuilding block activities
Prioritized Building blocks/Activities
- Integration of indigenous innovations with scientific knowledge and technology
- Value chain development and market linkages
- Community driven natural resource management with emphasis on water
- Strengthened socio-economic services and infrastructure such as health, education, and roads etc
Others includeReactions from Policy specialists
Synergies, complementaries, overlaps, similarities and differences mentioned by all groups
Youth Not Addressed… how can we ensure that Youth are retained in pastoralism?
Day 4 Notes:
Coming to a Consensus
Plenary keynote: Live commentary on the knowledge wall: recommendations for policy and practice
Knowledge Wall Theme 1: Changing Face of the Drylands
Knowledge Wall Theme 2: Multi-stakeholder interactions
Knowledge Wall Theme 3: Integrating knowledge source
Knowledge Wall Theme 4: Community based Focus
Knowledge Wall Theme 5: Decision making during uncertainty
Knowledge Wall Theme 6: Policy, Agency and Rights
Knowledge Wall Theme 7: Timescales
Knowledge Wall Theme 8: Measuring Resilience
Audience Commentary on Knowledge wall themes
Insights on Knowledge wall experience
Open Space - tool for informal discussions/talks/insights
Space for talking issues that are emerging.
Justice and rights in Community Based Adaptation
Key insights and issues
Recommendation
CMDRR/CBDRR And Climate change adaptation
Key insights and issues
- Establish CMDRR committee (Gov, NGO, community)
- PDRA (participatory Disaster risk)
- Assessments , community resource mapping
- Develop community action plan (Development and contingency plans)
- Subcommittees
- Early warning
- Water rangeland mgt
- PA Emergency response committee
- Capacity building
Recommendations:- Climate info exchange and disseminations to the grass root level not satisfactory
- Strive to long term resilience building
- Additional capacity building on CC adaptation
- Integrate approaches, methods and tools
CommitmentsCommunity ownership and aspirations
Key insights and issues
Recommendation
- Build on programs the social and cultural structure knowledge (5)
- Communities are heterogeneous hence community driven planning should take this into cons (6)
- Coordination, multi-sectoral, common entry (3)
- Inclusion of community at higher level planning meeting (4)
- Facilitate inclusive community visioning to all for new ideas and aspirations. Then use climate information to plan how to move towards vision (24)
- Understand Community and government institutional structure , trends, engage sensitively to enable change to exclusive norms /systems (4)
Policy protection of community rights to land resources , kowledge and information (4)Commitments
Decision-making under uncertainty (Aldwin)
Issues and insights:
Recommendations:
Commitments:
Examples: Now that we are certain of CC (shocks), decisions can be made under measurable uncertainty (85%).
Equity and vulnerability (Chris Jost)
Issues & insights:
Recommendations:
Commitments:
Holistic Land and livestock management
Communities practicing HLLM are growing in numbers (kenya, ethiopia, Nambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Burkina faso, Niger) and the attention of decision makers is growing)
Ideas and Insights
Recommendations
- Build the body of national advocates
- Give communities time to come together (overcome short project cycles)
- Provide M&E to grow the body of evidence - the learning documentation is just as important as the data
CommitmentsIntegrating knowledge sources
When one is regarded more important than the other
HIV AIDS amongst amidst Climate change
A continuing challenge - what do we do?
Issues and insights
Recommendations
Commitments
Climate Information
What is it and is a forecast enough?
Key issues and insights
Recommendation
Commitments
Ending Drought Emergencies
issues and insights
Recommendation
Commitments
Measuring resilience
Universal resilience equation/indicators of resilience
Issues and insights
Recommendations
Commitments
Climate Change
What is the community’s perspective?
Issues and insights
Recommendation
Commitment
Measuring Resilience
Issues and insights
Recommendations
Commitments
Multi-sectoral interactions
Issues and insights
Recommendations
Governance and Policy
Problem statement and insights
Recommendations
Commitments
Risk Management
Issues and insights
Recommendations
Commitments
Integrating knowledge Sources
Issues and insights
Recommendations
Countries
Uganda
Tanzania
Sudan
Kenya
Malawi
Ethiopia
Somalia
What we are communicating
- For 20 years CBA as the coping mechanism for Somalia
- Traditional systems of NRM
- Traditional safety nets and risk management mechanism (Zakat, remittance, self support
Our communique- Build on the weakened nets due to conflicts
- Telecommunication and technology (radio, TV and phones)
- Linkages to markets - global markets. Exports sesame, livestock lemon
- Private sector development - education, health, ICT
- Consortium work - MSH
What we have adopted from others- Trickle down the climate info to community level
- Good governance - policy formulation
- Academic researches/scientists knowledge
What weakened the systemsForums